Surrounding tissue reaction of porous metalic implants

The development of advanced technology allows for more and more accurate analysis of the human body through the study of its biological processes. With the use of precise instruments of measurement we can model and project any bodily elements of interest. The immediate result of this is an increasing number of cases of use of various new materials in medical sciences. It is clear that these materials must display particularly suitable mechanical, physical and chemical properties. The common term used to describe those materials is "biomaterials". The most representative area of implementation of biomaterials in terms of quantity and quality is reconstructive surgery of the osseous system. The most commonly used biomaterials are plastic and metallic materials. The high mechanical properties of biocompatible metals and their alloys make them well-suited as long-term implants in osseous system surgery. Previous research into the area of metal and alloy implementation into the human organism shows that a certain degree of improvement in biotolerance has been reached, by means of adjusting the biomaterials' chemical and phasic composition, as well as by creating passive, alloy componentbased layers on the implant surface. Further development of biomaterials is closely related to the use of surface engineering (ceramic layers, hydroxyapatitic coatings, oxides). The integration of an implant into the osseous tissue is a complex process which has not yet been fully explored. It is a process largely dependent both on a number of graft-related factors, as well as on the condition of the patient. On the side of the implant, the main affecting factors include: chemical constitution, material homogeneity, implant surface quality; composition, type and thickness of protective layers (bioglass, hydroxyapatite, etc.) size and shape of the implant, the process of implantation and adjustment of the implant to accommodate natural anatomy. The main organism-related factors include: osseous tissue quality, any possible pathogenic processes such as osteoporosis, application of bone cement and/or curatives during surgery, allergic sensitivity to metallic implants, patient's age, physical condition, environment (air and food pollution, etc.). Careful study of integration mechanisms allows to understand the cause and method by which osteocytes factor into osteointegration. The authors of this essay have oncluded that selecting an appropriate method of implant integration into the osseous tissue plays a major role in healing of implants. The integration and healing of implants is also affected by outer surface coarseness. The higher the coarseness level or the more porous the coating material after the likeness of bone the stronger the implant-bone connection.